Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spending plan - Essay Example ncreased enthusiasm for research on this theme, and to examine whether the ebb and flow approaches of planning block the viability of current associations. Dynamic Business Environment: The current business condition presents an extremely unique circumstance before the chiefs. In this situation, financial plan is viewed as a requirement as opposed to as an arranging apparatus. Because of this dynamic business condition, the pertinence of the financial plan is extremely fleeting. Moves bring about centralization of the dynamic procedure. This defers the dynamic and lessens and organization’s capacity to react to evolving condition. The idea of how a fruitful organization works in the data age is moving from â€Å"make-and-sell† to â€Å"sense-and respond† (Haeckel, 1999). Planning done in segregation: Many supervisors who are against planning accept that planning energizes a nearsighted arranging skyline showing a delinking of the spending plan and methodology (Shastri, 2008). Financial plans are done in disconnection and are not adjusted to organization technique and objectives. Besides, the planning skyline isn't connected to the business cycle bringing about long planning periods in quickly changing enterprises and short planning periods in very unique ventures. Thwarts Innovation: The organization and controls made because of the planning procedure stop the way of life of stirring things up. The vast majority of the units center around working inside the spending plan consequently lessening the odds of development. The vast majority of the subunits center around working inside their own financial plans and subsequently don't accept development as a way of thinking (Hope and Fraser, 2001). Costly: It is regularly contended that the planning procedure followed at associations is wasteful. This outcomes in the wastage of time of the senior administration. Planning is additionally a costly exercise regarding capital required for the planning reason. Refined Budgeting Techniques: With the downsides of the financial plan and the planning methods,

Taming Of The Shrew (197 words) Essay Example For Students

How To Make Your Prospects Respond To The Webinars

How To Make Your Prospects Respond To The Webinars Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!How To Make Your Prospects Respond To The WebinarsUpdated On 11/05/2019Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : http://hbb.me/2a3fkpa CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAre you struggling to communicate the value your company delivers? Do your prospects’ eyes gloss over when you start talking about your key differentiators? Open wallets do not wandering eyes make.One of the best ways to focus your prospects’ attention is to offer them something of legitimate value. All the better when that something is legitimately free. Free online webinars, organized and executed by in-house experts whose experience speaks for itself, are a tremendously effective means for doing just that.Make Your Prospects Respond To The WebinarsWhen properly put together, that is. If you’re serious about creating a webinar (or, even better, a webinar series) that does your company pro ud (and does right by its bottom line), you need to make sure it does these four things.1. Put Faces To NamesWell executed online training seminars put company rock stars front and center. Not an overwhelming number of rock stars with poorly defined roles, of course. Just those the seminars’ target audience want and need to hear from. With these names put to faces (or vice versa, take your pick), webinar viewers â€" and, hopefully, newly iced prospects â€" will feel more confident and comfortable reaching out. It’s impossible to quantify the benefit of that confidence.2. Communicate Authority and CompetencySpeaking of confidence, free online training webinars are tailor-made for communicating competency and creating auras of authority. Case in point: this mortgage company’s training page, modest as it is, is authoritative from start to finish. It doesn’t claim to have all the tools necessary to master the mortgage market â€" just a few great tools that you can use to take yo ur real estate business to the next level. You don’t become an authority by promising the world, after all.READTrading Cost - How Stock Brokers Earn From CFD Trades Market?3. Differentiate Your Products Or Services From The Competition’sThat company’s training page isn’t just authoritative. It also clearly and forcefully differentiates its products from the competition’s, without ever naming said competitors. No one likes a sore winner â€" often, it’s best to stand out quietly.4. Create Value-Driven Opportunities For ViewersThe best free online webinars make clear, compelling, high-value offers that reasonable viewers can’t refuse â€" or, at least, have to think long and hard about before refusing. The perception of exclusivity is critical here. Viewers who feel like they’re getting access to a deal that’s not available to anyone else (at least, no one who didn’t watch the same webinar) are more likely to feel that je ne sais quoi connection to the webinar sponso r â€" and more likely to approach their offers with appropriate credulity.The Right Knowledge Really Is PowerThey say knowledge is power, and they’ve been saying it for quite some time. But not all knowledge is created equal. If you’re going to go through the modest but real trouble of putting together high-quality training webinars for your customers and prospects, you need to make sure you’re making a product worthy of your time and effort â€" and your customers’ and prospects’.Just as no one wants to suffer through a tedious lunch-hour meeting that reveals nothing new and establishes no lasting precedents, no one wants to stare blankly at an hour-long webinar only to wonder at the end, “Why did I do that again?”Knowledge really is power â€" when it’s delivered the right way.

Overview of Breast Cancer Essay - 1015 Words

If you or a loved one were diagnosed with breast cancer, how would you feel? You would probably feel very afraid and worried. Breast cancer is a common and potentially deadly form of cancer that affects both men and women. There are risk factors for getting the disease and there are different types of treatment for people who have been diagnosed with the disease. There are also steps that people can take to try to prevent getting breast cancer or at least catch it early. Luckily there are many organizations working to raise awareness of the disease, to educate the public about it, and to support research about it. Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins in breast cells. Breast cancer can be labeled as invasive or non-invasive.†¦show more content†¦More than 2.9 million U.S. women with a history of breast cancer were alive on January 1, 2012. There are some known risk factors for developing breast cancer. Women are at a higher risk than men. Older women are at a n increased risk, as most new cases and most deaths occurred in women over the age of 50. There may be a genetic risk for some people; however, most breast cancer is not hereditary. However, if a person has had breast cancer once they are more likely to develop it again. Other risk factors include having very dense breast tissue, beginning menstruating before age 12, going through menopause after age 55, being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy during menopause, not having any children, or having your first child after the age of 35. While there is no absolute way to prevent getting breast cancer, there are some things a woman can do to lower her risk of getting it. First, she should limit the amount of alcohol she drinks. Next, she should not smoke cigarettes. Third, she should lose weight if they need to, as being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer. Fourth, she should exercise regularly. Exercising can help maintain a healthy weight which help s prevent breast cancer. Getting regular medical care and examining her body for symptoms of breast cancer are also important. Women should examine their own breasts for the signs of breast cancer regularly. Women should also have aShow MoreRelatedCell Signaling Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pageshuman disease breast cancer and sickle cell anemia have been the most prevalent. The importance of these topics in reference to breast cancer and sickle cell anemia are the background information on these diseases, the general population affected, what gene/proteins are involved in these diseases, the symptoms of the diseases, the experimental research, and the key advances/ problems relaying to treatment for the diseases. Understanding the background information and how much breast cancer affects peopleRead MoreHuman Epidermal Growth Factor ( Her2 )1153 Words   |  5 Pagesspecialised protein that has the ability to control the growth and spread of certain cancers. Breast cancer is defined as HER2 positive (HER2+) when there is an extremely high level of HER2 receptors present within the cancerous tumour of the breast tissue (Macmillan, 2013). 1.2 Aims and objectives This report aims to give an overview on breast cancer focusing on the HER2+ sub-type of the disease; it includes an overview of aetiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis andRead MoreBreast Cancer : Causes, Signs And Symptoms And Risk Factors1539 Words   |  7 PagesThis section is going to review literature on overview of breast cancer, its causes, signs and symptoms and risk factors. It will also look at literature on screening methods of breast cancer, particularly mammogram. OVERVIEW OF BREAST CANCER According to Rodney et al (2003), breast cancer is the commonly occurring cancer in women, responsible for one third of all malignancies in females. It is said to be the second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality and has been found to be the leadingRead MoreBreast and Ovarian Cancer Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Title: Breast and Ovarian Cancer Purpose Statement: This speech has a primary goal of educating the audience and to give a better understanding of what breast cancer is and how it can be treated with detection by a vast variety of methods. It will also give better understanding that not only women but men also are susceptible to breast cancer. Introduction I. Attention: There are a number of researches done about breast and ovarian cancer. Breast cancer is the second largestRead MoreEssay on Breast Cancer Awareness 1413 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the American Cancer Society, Every year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who areRead MoreResearch Paper on Breast Cancer1439 Words   |  6 Pages According to the American Cancer Society, Each year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who areRead MoreReviewing The Topic Of Breast Cancer987 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching the topic of Breast Cancer. In this introduction, it will include a problem about the topic and a valid solution in who to solve it. It also discusses the research and research methods put into this technical report, personal qualifications, work schedule, and lastly a table in which lists a time schedule in which this report will be completed. Introduction Breast cancer has a significant amount of impact on the women, men, and families it effects.Breast cancer is only made of topic oneRead MoreIbm Anem Report999 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose of this report is to explore and explain data on male and female breast cancer throughout the United States using IBM Watson Analytics. There are many different topics used throughout the report to describe the impacts of breast cancer, factors that influence breast cancer and ways to prevent the disease. Some of the topics/influences that were used in the charts we created were regional impact, age, race/ethnicity, cancer stage, and mammogram rates. All rates throughout the presentation areRead MoreBreast Cancer Community Resources Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer is the predominant form of cancer diagnosed in America women, second only to skin cancer and the primary cause of cancer deaths, surpassed only by lung cancer. Approximations suggest that one in eight women in the Unite d States will develop invasive breast cancer during the course of their life (American Cancer Society, 2013). As with any disease, a diagnosis of breast cancer can be tremendously challenging and freighting experience not only during the time of treatment and postRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when a

Definition Essay - The Word Private - 578 Words

Definition Essay - The Word Private Private is a word with a multitude of meanings, some known and others not so known. When searched for in a dictionary, it can be found that the definitions dont vary much between the three dictionaries, although the dictionary from 1913 had a few dissimilar terms. The word private was looked up in Webster Dictionary from 1913, The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, and the Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition. Many people think of private as meaning something in solitude, or secretive. Reading these dictionary entries revealed the labyrinthine meaning of the word private. Some of the definitions seem very similar to the way private is used in every day†¦show more content†¦Reading these three dictionaries entries raises ones understanding of the word, for the most part, however a couple definitions are found which are not very well-known. The different definitions of the word private basically show that peoples understanding of the word is under construction, even though there are meanings of the word they rarely use. A few of the definitions in the dictionary from 1913 were surprising; e.g. it discusses an archaic definition (see above quote) along with the definition, not general (Private). Among the five pages of entries just on the word private in the Oxford English Dictionary, one definition which was found to be unknown is, Used with reference to medical treatment and facilities for which fees are charged to the patient instead of being provided by the state or a public body (Private). One can learn a lot about the word private after doing a presentation on freedom of expression; when something like that is taught, it is absorbed and remains in the instrcutors memory for some time. The presentation would have to entail things like the USA PATRIOT Act, which has a lot to do with private and privacy matters to be sure. There are a few obscure differences and a few more obvious differences between the three dictionaries. The Oxford English Dictionary is definitely the most complex in its entry on the word private, taking up five pages alone. WebsterShow MoreRelated Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of Private657 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of Private The word private has changed very much over the past 600 years.   When the word first originated it had a few concise meanings.   Today, the word private has plenty of definitions, some of which many people do not know.   For instance, it is interesting to learn that private means apart from the state or a person not receiving treatment under the National Health Service or any similar state scheme (Landau). Spending time looking through dictionariesRead More Definition Essay – Different Meanings of Private661 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition Essay – Different Meanings of Private â€Å"Property is a central economic institution of any society, and private property is the central institution of a free society.† This was a quote by David Friedman (Friedman). The word dealt with in this essay is ‘private’ and this quote exactly examines one of the prime meanings of private. The main aim of my essay is to explain the different meanings of the word private and to explain the significance and variations of its usage over the pastRead MoreThe Worth of Words951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Worth of Words There is a tacit dichotomy that is found between most words of simple value which inherently have such powerful esteem in what is predominantly a Western society. In many ways, the essay entitled Simple Ways provides numerous examples that support the preceding assertion. The specific terms for and the implicit connotations of words such as good (and its antipode bad), property, and culture, all suggest a polarization that the author presents plentiful evidence to indicate isRead MoreEssay on Check It985 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 28, 2012 English 0310 â€Å"What is Poverty?† Content a. How would you define the author’s purpose? Besides paragraph 15, in what parts of the essay is that purpose most apparent? I would define the author’s purpose is to express the life of a poor person and the views of others towards a poor individual. Besides paragraph 15, Parker’s purpose is most apparent in paragraph two and paragraph six. b. Why does the speaker address her audience directly, especially in paragraphs 4 and 10Read MoreDefinition of Visitor Attraction634 Words   |  3 PagesNo: 40228856 Due on: 14.03.2016, 16:00 Word count: 499 Module leader: Prof A. Leask  The purpose of this essay is to further discuss the definition of a visitor attraction. It shall further resolve if events should be defined as visitor attractions, as Swarbrook (2001) characterizes them. Or rather should not be included in the definition as Getz (2008) argues. Visit England (2012) assigns the following characteristics to the definition; the fundamental purpose of an attractionRead MoreMartin Espada And Richard Rodriguezs View Of Bilingualism936 Words   |  4 Pagesbilingualism within their essays. Espada teaches at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and conducts political poems. In his essay â€Å"The New Bathroom Policy at English High School† he writes about how he thinks English dominates other languages and in the U.S, native English speakers use the dominancy as power to reject other languages. Rodriguez grew up learning Spanish as his first language and attended school at Stanford, Columbia, and University of California. In Rodriguez’s essay â€Å"Hunger of Memory†Read MoreConstructive Criticism and Writing748 Words   |  3 PagesDuring my educational career I have written essays that had purpose or value in an educational environment for grading. Whether this was my intent or not it was what was asked of me by my instructors. Throughout all of these essays I keep a moderate amount of my own honestly throughout them. This is especially so in any essay that must ask questions. Luckily you, the reader, get to witness this. This assignment has asked questions for each and every paragraph that will be included but I might throwRead More The Scope of Woolf’s Feminism in A Room of One’s Own Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesVirginia Woolf’s extended essay A Room of One’s Own has been repeatedly reviewed, critiqued, and analyzed since its publication in 1929. Arnold Bennett, an early twentieth-century novelist, and David Daiches, a literary critic who wrote an analysis entitled Virginia Woolf in 1942 (Murphy 247), were among those to attempt to extricate the themes and implications of Woolf’s complex essay. The two critics deal with the often-discussed feminist aspect of Woolf’s essay in interestingly differentRead MoreThe Meanings Of A Word By Gloria Naylor984 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay â€Å"The Meanings of a Word† by Gloria Naylor discusses the many definitions of a word and how its meaning can change according to context and delivery. She made this point by telling a story of her childhood and the first time she heard the n-word used by a white person in a derogatory, demeaning way. She described her this situation that took place when she was in third-grade and a boy in front of her in math class called her the n-word. She had no idea what it meant to be called that inRead MoreThe United States Of America s Long Tradition And Definition Of Manliness1686 Words   |  7 PagesDustin Hodgins Professor Vannimwegen English 1A 28, March 2015 What Really Happens to Us The public influences the private to the extent that no one can leave the world’s ideas or thoughts that it throws onto them. Over time, their safe haven of their private space changes and just becomes part of the vast empty world. Men and women can no longer be free to choose the way they want to act; instead the public eye forces them into certain behaviors like gender roles. These roles consist

What Is Online Search - 839 Words

you will an find an element that is testable to present a solution to the question. Also, this paper, therefore, offers a simple approach to the question by analyzing the available literature on the same and evaluate their effectiveness in providing an answer. In additional, different libraries are utilized in this research. The online search mechanism is extensively used. Online search employs a number of key phrases and keywords in the search engines. Keywords and phrases used in the search process include; Pick-rounds in player selections, American football player recruitment, Draft position, NBA and NFL success, American football, American basketball, first round draft picks and late round draft picks. Analysis For this test, I†¦show more content†¦Players require environments that are conducive to training and exploration of the talents through fair compensation and rewards as money was discovered as an important factor to motivate players. Players need to feel comfortable in their financial situations to keep up with their celebrity status to facilitate a serein mental capacity for their roles in the field. Rising corrupt practices among officials responsible for the pooling and drafting of players have been linked to poor selection strategies of players in the draft mechanism. The picks from the first rounds do not necessarily stand for the best players to transform the previously low performed clubs. Infiltration of corrupt arrangements ends up making of erroneous drafts that end up drafting players in the wrong round through player’s statistics that are suspicious and unfair. These players may not meet the levels of the productivity expected by the clubs and dropped from the team in a short time. Some players are caught up in their issues due to their fast rise to fame and fail to balance their career and celebrity. A good number of players picked first in the first rounds have displayed to struggle with prejudice as revealed to exist in the industry andShow MoreRelatedOnline Market Is Very Competitive1258 Words   |  6 PagesOnline market is very competitive. There re many websites and blogs fighting for an online audience. To be successful in this highly competitive industry, you require careful planning and execution. More than 75% of the world s population searches for products, services and information through search engines. As online users search for products and services, they type certain keyword phrases that will guide search engines on the information required. Since there re many websites that have similarRead MoreWebsite Development Services : Looking For Professional Website Developer Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pageswell as search engine optimization services so that your website can do well immediately it gets online. Content: The best thing you can do for your business is create a professional website that is able to present your business in an understandable way so that it can help achieve your business goals. It is paramount to work with a company offering professional website development services as well as search engine optimization services so that your website can do well immediately it gets online. OneRead MoreAnalysis Of J. Crews Website1261 Words   |  6 Pageshave put together, or you could have used the search bar that was provided to search for a specific item. Locating desired merchandise: I found that locating the desired merchandise, khaki pants, was a little difficult. Once I navigated to the women’s pants section I found that J. Crew had broken up the pants into the way they fit. I had no way to refine my search on this page. However, when I typed exactly what merchandise I was looking for in the search bar on the home page I was able to find theRead MoreNt1210 Final1163 Words   |  5 PagesNT1210 FINAL EXAM EBOOK INSTITUTE DECEMBER 11, 2014 Nt1210 Final Exam eBook Institute NT1210 FINAL EXAM DOWNLOAD: NT1210 FINAL EXAM Getting Nt1210 Final Exam is easy and simple. Mostly you need to spend much time to search on search engine and doesnt get Nt1210 Final Exam documents that you need. We are here to serve you, so you can easily access, read and download its. No need to wasting time to lookup on another place to get Nt1210 Final Exam. We provide you Nt1210 Final Exam in PDF formatRead MoreSeo Worth : Search Engine Optimization947 Words   |  4 PagesSEO worth Search Engine Optimization, commonly known as SEO, by definition is the process by which a company improves its website’s visibility using paid or unpaid search engine results pages. This process increases the quantity and improves quality of traffic a company earns through search engines. For an SEO tool to be termed as ‘good’, it should be easy to understand, effective in improving your brand, and be fairly priced. In order to find new business opportunities, save time, and keep trackRead MoreOnline Marketing : Marketing Strategy1475 Words   |  6 Pages {Internet Marketing|Online Marketing|Website Marketing|Affiliate Marketing} Gets You More Customers written by: IsaacV {In the current|In the present|In today s|With the current economic} business environment, {it is important|it s important|it is necessary|it is crucial} for entrepreneurs {to adopt|to consider|to look at|to take} new information and technology tools {to help them|to assist them to|to assist them|to enable them to} {carry out|execute|perform|accomplish} business {more efficiently|moreRead MoreEssay about Bbva Compass Case Study854 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of accounts through online and offline marketing. 1) The role of offline advertising is to build brand awareness and improve consideration among potential customers for opening new checking accounts. The name change of the bank to BBVA Compass dropped the brand awareness to 48% and offline advertising is trying to get it up to 53% by 2010 through sponsoring NBA, WNBA and ESPN. * The role of online advertising is to acquire new customers by creating online brand awareness and openingRead MoreQuestions On Target Discount Code And Save Big1035 Words   |  5 Pagescoupons like Target Discount Code to save online. Assert having use of cutters on store, making buys that seem resilient and assert with web means to trade. Accept use of discount online ascertainments as simple which get you effective run downs with discount buys required. Acquire proper use of valuable cutters on stores making use of discount means to stack with coupons. Make a relative reduction on web acquirement as a remedy in web based uses to acquire online trades. Seek meant cut rate item accessRead MoreSearch Engine Optimization1221 Words   |  5 Pageswww.bambrickmedia.com.au/search-engine-optimisation-australia We’re hear to help you with all your SEO needs. What is Search Engine Optimization? Search engine optimisation is an Internet Marketing method that works to ensure your brand is revealed as high up as possible in the search engines, namely Google. This means it is more visible to those who are searching for your product or service. SEO attempts to optimise your website for the Google algorithms through a variety of techniques that striveRead MoreE Marketing Project1263 Words   |  6 Pageson Flipkart e- marketing tactics covering the following – What are all the eMarketing Tactics that are being used? Please provide proof? †¢ Search Engine Optimization | Pay Per Click Advertising | Social Media Marketing | Banner Advertising | eMail Marketing | Mobile Marketing †¢ What else? – Does FlipKart need each of these tactics? Please give reasons which are related to FlipKart Business, Marketing, Competition, Customers. †¢ Search Engine Optimization | Pay Per Click Advertising | Social Media

Physioex Answers free essay sample

Positive and Negative Controls 1. Why are there a number of washing steps in serological tests? The are a number of steps needed in order to remove any non specific binding that may have occurred. 2. Describe how you would know that you had a â€Å"false positive† result. What does this mean for the rest of your results? A positive result with a negative control indicates a â€Å"false positive† and your results are invalidated. 3. Describe how you would know that you had a â€Å"false negative† result.What does this mean for the rest of your results? A negative results with a positive control indicates a â€Å"false negative† and your results are invalidated. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Technique 4. Why is this technique a direct method? It is considered a direct method because it involves conjugation of an antibody with fluorescent dye. 5. What is an elementary body? An elementary body is an infectious particle of any of several microorganisms. We will write a custom essay sample on Physioex Answers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6. How do elementary bodies look under the fluorescent microscope?Elementary bodies look red, no defined varied shape with a darker spot on them and some had green spots or blotches on them. 7. What do you think would happen if you did not fix the sample to the slide with 95% ethyl alcohol? Since ethyl alcohol’s function is to fix the specimen to the slide, I would say the specimen would be washed away during the preparation of the slide if ethyl alcohol was not used. 8. Which patient(s) tested positive for Chlamydia? Patient 2 patient 4 9. Was there any nonspecific binding for any of the samples?Explain. Patient 3 had just a tiny bit of green on it which made me think there was nonspecific binding because there were only two so its not negative or positive but in my opinion human error. Ouchterlony Technique 10. What is a precipitin line? A precipitin line is an insoluble precipitate formed when an antigen and antibody are cross linked. 11. What is the unknown antigen in the simulation? Since there is no reading or text for this activity I don’t understand how I am suppose to figure out what the unknown antigen is. 12.Considering your results, do you think that human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin have epitopes in common? Explain. I would say they have similar or partial epitopes in common but not exact. 13. What is the process resulting in antigen and antibody moving toward each other? One dimensional diffusion Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 14. In the â€Å"sandwich† analogy of the direct ELISA, what is the â€Å"bread†? Antibodies What is the filling? Antigens 15. Describe some advantages of using the ELISA technique to process a large number of samples.The advantage of Sandwich ELISA is that the sample does not have to be purified before analysis, and the assay can be very sensitive. 16. Which patient(s) were positive for HIV? Patient C is HIV positive 17. Describe what would happen if you skipped the step where the developing buffer was added. The developing buffer contains the secondary antibodies that the enzyme is conjugated with and without that it wouldn’t develop right and the results would be inconclusive or â€Å"retest†Western Blotting Technique 18. The Western blot technique is used as the confirmatory test for a positive ELISA result because it provides better specificity. How does this technique provide better specificity? The Western blot provides better specificity because it detects antibodies binding to specific proteins and glycoproteins from HIV in the form of bands. 19. If a patient tests positive for HIV using the ELISA test but negative using Western blotting, what can you say about the initial ELISA result?

Movie Character Analysis Tony Stark in Iron Man Essay Example

Movie Character Analysis Tony Stark in Iron Man Paper In the film Iron Man (2008), Tony Stark is a diligent young adult, and the CEO of his family’s company: Stark Enterprises. Given that he inherited such a large company at such a young age, his personality can be described as narcissistic. However, prior to his successes, he was harbouring the death of his parents, along with his close friend Jarvis. Throughout the film, he deals with a number of traumatic experiences, for instance: nearly dying, and being held captive, which then progresses into his creation of Iron Man, an alter ego he generated through technological advances. Due to his near-death experience and the emotional trauma of losing his parents, Tony could land in the category of people with PTSD. Hence, his recurrent panic attacks and flashbacks. According tothe Anxiety and Depression Association of America’s website, the symptoms of PTSD can affect a person’s relationships, trust, closeness, communication, and problem solving. A few of these symptoms correlate with some of Tony’s behavior. This suggests that Tony leans toward technology more than other people because of his issues regarding PTSD. For instance, he frequently turns to his robots Dum-E and U to do both simple and difficult tasks. These robots’ soul purpose is to assist him in his creations. However, the brilliance of having this technology is that it can compensate for actual people and he can manipulate them to work however he wishes. In other words, he can trust in his technology because he creates it. Significantly, Tony’s constant need to c ontrol things is a reflection of his trust issues that come from PTSD. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Character Analysis Tony Stark in Iron Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Character Analysis Tony Stark in Iron Man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Character Analysis Tony Stark in Iron Man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Iron Man is more than an invention of Tony Stark’s, it is an identity that he can hide behind, a likely result of his PTSD. Through Iron Man, Tony is more than just a genius, billionaire philanthropist; he is a courageous hero who never has to feel weak. Having PTSD can be debilitating, so this heroic persona distracts him from th

Mao Zedong Essays

Mao Zedong Essays Mao Zedong Essay Mao Zedong Essay Mao Sedona BY Ceaselessly Mao Sedona was the Leader of the Communist Party of China from 1893-1976. He was a key figure in the cold war, which resulted in millions of deaths for the Chinese Republic. This ruthless dictator did whatever he could to keep his power. He did many horrendous things one major problem was his stance on the Cultural Revolution. This power struggle could have gone to ways: no violence or violence. Sedona chose to strongly support the force of violence.. He alone can be to blame for of 70 million deaths which is more that both Hitler and Stalin. Many brutal stories of his actions still haunts people. One such story was that people use to lie about how much food and good they could supply so that they could live in somewhat prosperity. Although the stories get much worse than this, there Is always the debate if he was a good or bad figure in our history. This argument has changed much to do with pubic affairs. As the Republic of Chinas loyalty has shifted and changed from ruler to ruler so to the change in how they feel about the situation. This argument seems very petty considering that he was responsible or the death of so many of his own people but is It possible that these deaths were able to make China as strong as It is today?

Dale and Mike Parak's Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dale and Mike Parak's Case - Assignment Example Samaha defines justice as a system through which legal wrongs are controlled in an open and fair manner and informed decisions are made in legal processes. (Samaha, 2005). From this perspective, justice is a system that, through well-established structures and professional personnel, ensures that crimes are regulated in a fair manner (Samaha, 2005). The sentence was just. This is because determination of justice in the case is achieved from the definition and motive of justice and the circumstances surrounding the case. In the case, Dale shot his brother, Mike. This followed an agreement between the two parties that they were to poison themselves but Mike did not take the agreed upon substance. The police was called and investigation carried out. Consequently, a prosecutor picked the case, leading to the trial. The process that followed the murder of Mike falls within the definition of justice. There was involvement of an organized system, the police that carried out investigation of the murder. After the police, the prosecutor was involved and the final judgment pronounced by a court judge. The defendant was accorded a hearing in which he pleaded guilty. The process also satisfies the theme of controlling crime through setting examples to deter people from committing similar crimes. The sentence was therefore just because it satisfies the definition of justice, procedure, structure, and theme (Siegel, 2009), (Samaha, 2005). The decision to charge Dale would be based on the definition of his action as a crime and the procedure that followed his actions. Having committed a homicide and pleaded guilty for the same, the justice system is obliged to ensure that a prosecution is initiated against the suspect. The investigations by the police that provided sufficient evidence also established credible ground for successful prosecution. It would therefore be logical to prosecute Dale because

Learning Journal on Managing Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Journal on Managing Conflict - Essay Example In the first step, the involved parties establish the main cause of the problem or conflict which could be among them or from outside. Putting into consideration the situations that people are in is essential since sometimes solving a conflict while in bad moods may lead to other unbearable problems (whetten & Cameron 55). Taking an example of employees in a processing company, like Klic juices Inc Processors where I work, there arise many conflicts resulting from one employee insulting a colleague. This kind of interpersonal conflict lowers productivity and may lead to job termination as experienced in klic Juices Inc. Eventually the involved parties quarrel and eventually creating attention of everyone within the building. Organizational conflicts management entails getting deep into the causative factors and making an effective and full intervention to get the solution to the interpersonal conflict at hand. The theory stresses that conflicts are functional to an organization and assist in discovering new management techniques as well as understanding the differences between individuals from varying cultures (Rahim 211). In managing interpersonal conflicts, a lot of issues arise especially when one is faced with the task. First an individual is confused between which parties to favor especially when there are close ties between the two parties. As a conflict manager, the first step involves getting the two parties together and having a dialogue without favoring any side. According to Whetten and Cameron, conflict management should take the shortest time possible since the longer the process takes, the more irritating the two parties become and this result into quarrels. It is very essential to separate people from their problems since each individual possesses unique desires, emotions and personal views. Some forms of conflicts exist only in individuals minds this makes it necessary for the two parties to fully

Damage and Repair Mechanisms of Cells and Tissues Essay Example for Free

Damage and Repair Mechanisms of Cells and Tissues Essay Observation of the cells is something that modern biology has given an advantage of. Irritation of the cell can give critical information about the cell cycle, the damage on the DNA and its repair mechanism, and what will happen to the cell. In turn, since the cell is the basic unit of tissues, understanding cell damage can lead to understanding the fate of tissues composed of these same cells. Much damage to the cell can cause its death, and this can cause serious damage to the tissue, the organ, the organ system, and the organism itself. In connection to this, the study of cell damage is interplayed with discussion on biochemical toxicity, which just says that cell damage is corresponded by chemical damage which concerns a specific chemical in the cell, or a physical damage. A cell can be physically damaged through exposure to heat and radiation that are reasons for coagulation of its contents. Another damaging factor is the deprivation of supply of oxygen and glucose into the cell that may limit its survival because of its inability to maintain its processes without these agents (Monson, 2007). The damage on cells is usually because of toxic effects studied in xenobiotics, and usually the damage on the cells is not obvious. What happens in this case is (1) interference on the chemical that transfers signals across a neural synapse or (2) replacement of an essential chemical in the cells/tissues by toxic chemicals (Monson, 2007). It becomes obvious when involved are many cells comprising the tissue, which is visible to the naked eye. Necrosis is the process wherein the structural processes in the cytoplasm are progressive into failure. This either occurs in a group of contiguous cells or is also affective to tissue level. Continuous failure to function and deterioration of structure lead to the death of the cells or what is termed as the necrotic cells. Failure of the cytoplasmic processes is because of the reduced production of cellular proteins, electrolyte gradient changes, and membrane integrity losses. Following this process would be the apoptosis or the programmed cell death wherein it resorts to self destruction and in turn, regeneration. This process does not only happen in a single cell but scatters or spreads throughout the tissue. This is also a normal process wherein cell undergoes rebirth after it has consumed its lifespan. The organelles at this part of the process appear normal (Monsoon, 2007). The human body is very complex that it contains over 200 unique cell types with corresponding same amount of tissues, and with these figures are thousands of biochemicals that also act in complex mechanisms in order to fix the damages and keep the proper body functions correctly. Epithelial tissues repair themselves, and there are still some tissue types that are capable of doing it. The nervous tissues on the other hand are of the inability to conduct the same process. There are organs that in spite of damages still functional or which have functional reserve capacity (Monson, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of the cycles of damage and repair happen among individual cells. In order to repair a tissue, there might be a large number of specific cells needed to successfully heal tissue damage. There are technologies serving this purpose, such as the adult stem cell technology that helps in providing the needed cells to proceed on repairing the damage. This is a venue for many applications that would lead to medical breakthroughs when explored. Its mechanism is highly sophisticated, since cells from other parts of the body become a nucleus for other cells to grow, and then repair back what has been impaired. The bone marrow contains much of stem cells needed for this kind of mechanism. There is only about 0.1% of the whole body’s stem cells that travel along the blood pathways. Once a body part is damaged, the corporeal blood shall circulate around the damaged part until a specific concentration of the stem cells is achieved on that part (Galloway, 2003). Some of the repair processes are spontaneous; some need medical attention to promote or to activate the healing process. It is important to give the body the highest possible care to avoid cells and tissue damages. Proper diet and exercise could be a lot of help to make the most out of the bodily functions, to stay healthy and out of illnesses and diseases. References Galloway, D. (2003). New Research Promotes a More Dynamic View of Adult Stem Cell Differentiation: Hematopoietic Stem Cells May One Day Be Used to Repair Tissue Damage Caused by Radiation Therapy or Chemotherapy OncoLog, 48(9). Monson, E. (2007). Cell damage from toxicity and tissue repair. Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cell_damage_from_toxicity_and_tissue_repair

Poe Compare to Manson :: essays research papers

Though born at different times and in different places Edgar Allen Poe and Bryan Warner (Marilyn Manson) are surprising social and ideological doppelgangers. Starting as early as their childhood you can notice notable similarities. Bryan spent the majority of his time at his grandparent’s house. It was a generally hostile area for young children, leaving little access to parental supervision or interaction. Poe on the other hand had no father around to begin with and his mother died when he was two. He went on to live with his mother’s business associate who turned out to be quite abusive. Now due to personal problems Poe was unable to attend school any longer and didn’t finish his education which had been a aspiration of Poe’s to be removed. This seemed to be a similar trend between Poe and Bryan, because Manson did it as well. Both writers were similar in there choice of work as well, and how they delivered them. Both Poe and Bryan published many works before there writing became popular. The macabre story of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar A. P. is quite similar to Bryan’s first published work about himself ending up murdering and raping his sister. Obviously the chosen tone by both of these individuals is similar because they desire to put out a persona. This persona is a general feeling that each Artist expresses as a discontentment with life and society, and leads to there morbid works. Poe wrote â€Å"Poe’s Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque†, where Bryan published a CD â€Å"The Golden Age of Grotesque† which both turned out to be fairly similar. On an ideological level they both consider the modern man to not be that modern. They were both haunted by something internal possibly even external that drove them nearly insane and tainted there view of all of society. Both of them had very low morality and on many accounts lusted after family members and the same sex on occasion. Poe left the Army and West Point which had been the next step in his life, he enjoyed the army in many ways ideologically speaking but still loved writing too much to not follow it. He married his first cousin against the wishes of his family and decided to make a life. Bryan decided not to go into military but still always struggled with organized religion, he also had a sexual fascination with family members.

Learning English as Second Language Essay

Learning a Second Language (L2) is a lifelong process and it is often a challenging experience for L2 learners. English has become the L2 after it was introduced to Malaysia during colonization. Presently, it is an international language and is used as the language in international relations, and in exchanging knowledge and technology. It was only since a few decades ago that it was taught to almost all schoolchildren. In general, local Malaysian students have been exposed to eleven years of learning English language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) in primary and secondary schools. Current era, good English writing competence is widely recognized as an important skill for educational, business and personal reasons. The ability to write effectively in English is becoming increasingly important in our global community as communication across language becomes ever more essential. On the other hand, writing is a complex process which demands cognitive analysis and lingu istic synthesis. It is even harder to learn to write in a second language, and it takes considerable time and effort to become a skillful writer. The present study seeks to explore ESL learners’ major writing difficulties by analyzing the nature and distribution of their writing errors. There are several ways of thinking about errors in writing. For example, in light of what we, as linguists, know about second language acquisition and what we know about how texts, context and the writing process interact with one another students‟ writing in L2 generally contains varying degrees of grammatical and rhetorical errors. These kinds of errors are especially common among L2 writers who do not have enough language skills to express what they want to say in a comprehensible way. The present study analyses the English L2 language errors in the writing of Malaysian learners. Statement of Problem English occupies the status of a L2 in the Malaysian education system in both primary and secondary schools. However, learning English as a L2 is not an easy task. According to Brown (2000), in order to master the English language, learners have to be adequately exposed to all of the four basic skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. Language teaching in this country is currently focusing on the teaching and learning of the four language skills. However, the standard of English, among Malaysian children is on the decline despite learning English for several years. Malaysian students are still weak in English, especially in their writing skills. They still seem to commit errors in all aspects of language. According to James (1988) errors in writing such as tenses, prepositions and weak vocabulary are the most common and frequent type of errors that are committed by learners. Since grammar is seen only as a means to an end, some learners tend to re-emphasize its importance and in the process, they make many more errors. The learners usually face difficulties in learning the grammatical aspects of the Target Language (TL), such as in subject-verb agreement, the use of preposition, articles and the use of correct tense. Such errors can be seen clearly in the learners’ written performance. The problems that the students are bound to encounter would be weak vocabulary, inappropriate use of grammar in sentences and etc. Thus, teachers who can analyze and treat errors effectively are better equipped to help their students become more aware of their errors. The use of Error Analysis (EA) and appropriate corrective techniques can aid effective learning and teaching of English. It is understood that learning a second language is a gradual process, during which mistakes are to be expected in all stages of learning. Mistakes will not disappear simply because they have been pointed out to the learner, contrary to what some language learners and teachers believe. In fact making mistakes is a natural process of learning and must be considered as part of cognition. As a result, errors must be viewed positively. Therefore, EA is the best tool for describing and explaining errors made by speakers of other languages. By investigating students’ written work, it will provide a means to help Malaysian teachers to recognize the importance of errors as one of the challenging areas in teaching English. Objective of Study This lends to the objective of the study, which is to investigate the types of errors made by Form Four student in their written work. The study sought to answer the following research question: * What are the most common errors that students make in their essays? Methodology Location The location of the study was a secondary school in a housing area in Shah Alam town which is located within the district of Petaling and a portion of the district of Klang in the state of Selangor which is about 25 kilometres west of the country’s capital, Kuala Lumpur. The name of the school is SMK TTDI Jaya, Shah Alam. The school runs in two teaching sessions, namely the morning and afternoon session. Table 1: Distribution of Form 4 Students and Ethnic Background Participant A Form four female students have participated in this study. She had her primary education in National schools, in which Malay was the medium of instruction. English was taught as an additional subject within the school curriculum. The respondent is from Form 4 Gigih comprising of 30 boys and 42 girls. The students’ language proficiency is lower intermediate. According to the participant’s English language the class that the participant currently studying focuses more on Malay language learning and the students tend to neglect the importance of English language Background of the Student The name of the student is Nurul Nadeah binti Zulkifli. She is 16 years old. She is staying at Seksyen 15, Shah Alam. Her father works as an engineer and her mother is a house maker. She is the eldest daughter with a younger brother. Her first language is Malay language. She has learnt English for 10 years. She has scored a â€Å"C† grand for her UPSR public examination and a â€Å"D† grade for her PMR public examination. On the other hand, she is more proficient in her first language (Malay language) compared to English language. She has scored an â€Å"A† for her both public exams (UPSR & PMR) which marks her enthusiasm in learning her first language. According to Nurul, she prefers to speak and write in her mother tongue since she is comfortable with it. Thus, she views English language subject as an entry requirement for her to enter university. Despite, she added that she has not been encouraged to use English language either her parents or among friends sin ce childhood. Procedure The participant was administered a writing assignment that involved essay writing. She was required to write a cause and effect essay entitled† The Causes and Effects of River Pollution† within a period of 60 minutes and a minimum of 200-350 words. This essay follows the English format of SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) Examination in which every student will have to take when they are in Form Five. It is a guided writing whereby the student was given a brief outline on the essay that includes the main causes and effects which the student need to explain in detail. The essay was typed using Microsoft Word 2003 so that it was computer readable. After that, the three steps of EA specified by Corder (1974) were followed: * Collection of sample errors * Identification of errors * Description of errors Instruments The instruments that we used to analyze the errors in the essays are as follows: * The students’ essay * Grammar book references * Consulting to an experienced school teacher : * Well experienced in English language teaching for 23 years and also SPM English paper marker for two years consecutively. * Interviewing a lecturer from MSU Centre For Foundation Studies (CFS) department * Group discussion. * Internet sources A total of 62 common errors were examined and categorized into 12 error types. Errors related with lexical knowledge (spelling, parts of speech, capitalization) accounted for 32.3%. Errors related with sentence structure (complex/compound, missing word, word order and redundancy) accounted for 30.6%. Other grammatical errors (verb tense, passive voice, modals and phrasal modals,article, subject-verb agreement) accounted for 37.1%.Based on the table, it reflects that the students have committed most number of errors in the parts of speech which includes noun, verb, participle, interjection, pronoun, preposition, adverb, and conjunction. The second most number of errors is registered under redundancy which means the occurrence of unwanted repetition in the written essay. Table 3: Most Common Errors and Examples of Errors Definition andError classification| Identification of errors| Correct sentences and explanation of rule| 1. Basic Phrase Structure * A sentence is formed through the combination of Noun Phrase(NP) and Verb Phrase(VP)| Sentence10:1 The industry is releasing chemical waste products from industrial waste. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide , zinc, copper and mercury.Sentence 11:2. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide, zinc, copper and mercury. The chemical products that released is dangerous| 1. The industry releases chemical wastes such as cyanide , zinc , copper, and mercuryExplanationSubject: The industry Verb : releasesPredicate: chemical waste products such as cyanide, zinc , lead , copper, and mercury. * The industry is releasing chemical waste products â€Å"from industrial waste. â€Å" This sentence is incomplete.2. These chemical waste is dangerousExplanationLiquid or substances basically known as uncountable noun which refers to general abstraction but countable noun refer to specific things. These : refer something specific (SUBJECT ) is : verbDangerous : abstract verb| 2. Passive Sentences * The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb| Sentence 1:1. Water is the important elements that needed by the human to live. Sentence 28:2. The flow of the clear water from the river will be disturbed. This is because, the water quality is more spoiled and flow to the river will be polluted and affecting the living things.| Water is the important element that human need for livingExplanation The word â€Å"need† in this sentence should be the subject.2. This is because, the quality of water is spoiledExplanation The phrase â€Å"water quality† is unclear and incomplete.| 3. Complex/Compound * A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. * A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so and a comma or by a semicolon alone.| Senten ce 4:1. If, there is no water, living things cannot survive.Sentence 5:2. In, today’s world, river pollution is occurring so seriously.| 1. If there is no water, living things cannot surviveExplanation Difficulty in identifying dependent clause- complex sentence2. Today’s world, river pollution occurs very seriously.ExplanationWrong compound phrase.| 4. Subject/Verb Agreement * If a subject is singular, it’s verb must also be singular * If a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.5. Modals and Phrasal Modals * Modals are special words in English and are used for specific purposes. They are NOT verbs. * The form is: Subject + Modal + Verb| Sentence 13:1. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. Sentence 16:1. The agriculture activities ^ is one of the economic activitiesSentence 21:2. The flow of water will be disturbed and the quality of water will be decreased. | 1. The second cause for river pollution is from the agricultural activities. * The agricultural activities harms the quality of the water. * The agricultural activities harm the quality of the water.Explanation * The sentence structure is wrong in terms of singular and plural. * The word ‘activities’ shows plural form, so the verb harm should also be plural as well. * But from the aspect of present tense, its wrong because here, plural subjects, no need to add‘s’ for the verbs.1. The agricultural activities ought to be one of the economic activities. Explanation^ shows that a phrasal modal can be added to make the sentence structure stable.2. The flow of the water will be disturbed and the quality of water would decreaseExplanation Redundancy of the modal is exchanged with another suitable modal. | 6. Parts of Speech * Noun * Verb * Participle * Interjection * Pronoun * Preposition * Adverb * Conjunction | PrepositionSentence 31:1. The last effect that is stated is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mixed to the river and it will create a dangerous, havoc to the living thingsConjunctionSentence 36:1. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution. | 1. The last effect is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mix into the river and it will create havoc to the living things.Explanation†Into† is a preposition that answers the question â €Å"Where?†1. So, it is important to take care of the river. However, we can’t completely stop the river pollution but we can control it.Explanation The conjunction but should be used in this sentence since it is used to signify a negation, to create contrast. Discussion Sentence types Altogether there are 36 complete sentences. Out of 36 complete sentences, 10 sentences were simple sentences, 14 were complex sentences and12 were compound sentences. More than half complex sentences were unnecessary repetition of points. It was also found that most of the sentences were constructed using the definite article ‘the’ and the repetition of the word ‘another’ on starting of the paragraph 4 and 6. The unnecessary repetition of the points in the students’ written essay reflects that the student have a very limited knowledge in the given topic and has not exposed her to different sequence connectors. Major Error Analysis 1. Basic Phrase Structure Phrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given language’s syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase; lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. A grammar which uses phrase structure rules is called a phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules are usually of the form , meaning that the constituent A is separated into the two sub constituents B and C. * The first rule reads: An S consists of an NP followed by a VP. This means A sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. * The next one: A noun phrase consists of a determiner followed by a noun * Further explanations of the constituents: S, Det, NP, VP, AP, PP` In this study, the student has encounter difficulties in writing a senten ce with a correct phrase structure. This happens because she was not corrected by anyone whenever she makes the error. For example, the excerpt below was taken from the student’s written essay. â€Å"Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased.†| The above excerpt registers that the student has difficulty in constructing a basic phrase structure. According to me, the above excerpt is totally vague since it does not follow the basic rules of phrase structure. Mdm Patmabathy, the school teacher that we consulted in our error analysis says that this excerpt is meaningless and she added that this student is very poor in terms of sentence construction. Despite, she also said that it is also a very serious error when she gets to know that it is a written work of a Form 4 student. If I was given a chance to correct the above excerpt, it may sound like: On the other hand, mineral extraction also contributes to river pollution. This is because, the release of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides and herbicides may obstruct the water flow which results in the decrease of the water flow and the water quality may spoil due to the organic materials released through the mineral extraction.| 2. Passive Sentences In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] Examples: In the student’s written essay, there are some prominent wrongly phrased passive sentences. For example, referring to the same excerpt, â€Å"Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased.†| The use of the word ‘mined’ which is not a passive verb which causes the sentence to be meaningless. From this we should know, in order to use passive sentences one should have a basic knowledge on transitive verbs which the meaning can be used in passive sentences. 3. Complex/Compound A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by * a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so): The dog barked, and the cat yowled. * a semicolon: The dog barked; the cat yowled. * a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series: The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed. A complex sentence consists of a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause. An example with a relative clause as the dependent clause: * The dog that was in the street howled loudly. * A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger. An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the dependent clause (note the various positions of the dependent clause): * End: The dog howled although he was well fed. * Front: Because the dog howled so loudly, the student couldn’t eat his hamburger. * Middle: The dog, although he was well fed, howled loudly. In the student’s written essay, there are more complex sentences constructed compared to compound sentences. Thus, it was merely repetition of words that occurs in the most complex sentences. For example, try to look at the below excerpt from the student’s written essay. There are some effects that caused by those previous activities. The effect of the industrial waste is one of them are the living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die. From the industrial waste also affecting the drinking water for human. This is because of the quality of water is spoiled and more non-nature. There italicized phrase is an example of complex sentence whereby the dependent clause â€Å"living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die is an expansion of the independent clause ‘the effect of the industrial waste’. Here, the use of complex sentence was not fully utilized since the student has problems in constructing basic phrase structure itself. The student ended up the whole sentence with full of repetition. She should have use a wider vocabulary to explain the point. 4. Subject/Verb Agreement A basic principle of English is that a verb must agree in number with its subject. Although this basic principle is very simple, it is often violated because writers have trouble either identifying the subject or the determining its number. Singular rule * A singular subject requires a singular verb. Consider the following examples. * He is happy. * The boy is happy. * David is happy. Plural Rule * A plural subject requires a plural verb. Consider the following examples. * They are happy. * The boys are happy. * David and Tom are happy The student has committed much error in this section. She tends to use plural verb for singular subject and singular verb for plural subject. For example, the below excerpt from the student’s essay reflects the wrong subject/verb agreement. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. This activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water. The first sentence reflects the use plural verb for singular subject (river pollution is only one). Then, the fourth sentence registers the use of singular verb for plural subject (activities refers to many). So, the correct sentence should be: The second cause for river pollution is from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities harms the quality of the water. These activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities are not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water since it pollutes the clear water.| 5. Parts of Speech (Conjunction) * Conjunctions are words which link two clauses in one sentence * Here are some example conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions| Subordinating Conjunctions| and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so| although, because, since, unless| * Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example: * Jack and Jill went up the hill. * The water was warm, but I didn’t go swimming. * Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example: * I went swimming although it was cold. Referring to the student’s written work, the students has used very limited conjunctions such as ‘and’, ‘so’, and ‘for’. There was also wrong usage of conjunction which is as follows: 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution| For the first sentence, the use of the conjunction ‘but’ is wrong since the sentence is not showing any comparison. The second sentence also applies a wrong conjunction since the word ‘be’ refers to a verb that indicates future actions. So, the correct sentence should be: 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution but we can control the pollution| Treatment for the Errors 1. Awareness of L1 interference Switching interactively between first and second language has been recognized as one of the salient characteristics of L2 writing. Woodball (2002) suggested that language switching may be driven by the mental operations of private speech for solving L2 problems with L1 resources and the results of his study suggested that less proficient L2 learners switched to their L1s more frequently than more advanced learners. According to Wang‘s finding (2003), the low proficient participants often concentrated on direct translation from their L1 into the L2 to perform their L2 writing to compensate for their L2 linguistic deficiencies. Composing their writing tasks in this way might have helped them overcome writing difficulties without exerting much mental effort. Cases of direct translation were also observed in this study, for example, ‘My nickname is schoolmate takes. English name is I elects. Give to fortune teacher to calculate.’ In addition, students have the tendency to exclude the subject or object and fail to use certain constructions due to L1 interference. Therefore, teachers can help students become aware of interlingual errors by highlighting the structural and lexical differences between Chinese and English in areas when their use is first introduced or reinforced. If interlanguage is likely to occur, then consciousness-raising can help students self-edit their errors when interference occurs 2. Writing Motivation Generally speaking, writing motivation is encouraged through stimulating reading, relation with daily life experience, and support of relevant vocabulary. Pre-writing activities are crucial for unskilled writers. After selecting an appropriate writing task, some relevant reading passages should be introduced. However, the reading materials should only serve as sources for stimulating ideas and learning of relevant vocabulary rather than models to copy. Students have to write on a new but closely related topic. They still have to generate and refine their own ideas as well as construct their own sentences. Even students of low proficiency level should be given the opportunity to experience writing as a creative act of discovery. The process approach is also applicable to low proficient students provided that thoughtful stimulus and guidance are available. 3. Instruction of Basic Grammar Good writing is certainly beyond grammar manipulation. Yet it will be very difficult to compose a clear, logical and fluent paragraph if a writer is unable to write reasonably acceptable simple sentences and does not possess the mastery of some complex sentence structures. Results of the present study indicate an urgent need in upgrading students’ basic linguistic competence. Explicit teaching on salient grammar points like types of sentences, syntax, verb forms of some commonly used tenses is highly recommended in the first semester. In the meantime, it is also important to convey the idea that error-free sentence production is not the prime target for writing practice but as the means with which to better express one’s meaning. Reflection based on the Study Most ESL students want to learn English to be able to speak the language, not write it. However, learning writing skills is an important aspect of learning English as students could be called upon to write in English for professional or formal reasons. Those who wish to live in an English speaking country will most definitely need to be able to write in English in order to fill out forms and other administrative papers concerning their everyday lives. Why we should emphasize more on writing skill in the ESL class? When speaking, there are a number of factors that help make the task easier for a foreign language speaker: speaking usually takes place in a certain context and other pre-existing knowledge is often assumed so that not all information has to be clear and precise; immediate feedback is possible and speakers can adjust as the conversation unfolds. Conversation is often informal in everyday life and easier for an ESL student to become involved in and practice. Writing, however, is a much more formal process. ESL students will most likely have to use their writing skills for formal and professional reasons, like business English. This can be very stressful and downright handicapping if they have never learnt to write in English. Thus, errors serve as an important means for us as a future teacher to observe leaner’s learning process and learning strategies. Based on the study that we have conducted, we have found that teaching writing is one of the hardest skill compare to the rest. It needs more on teachers’ effort whereby the teacher should expose the students from the basic grammar to the perfect sentence constructions. Conclusion The results of the study show that errors that the participant committed were basically grammatical. The participant also had a relatively weak vocabulary and their sentences were sometimes incomprehensible. She committed errors in applying sentence structure rules in the English language. Hence, we can conclude that this participant has problems in acquiring normal grammatical rules in English. This study has shed light on the manner in which students internalize the rules of the TL. It further shows that error analysis also can help the teachers to identify in a systematic manner the specific and common language problems students have, so that they can focus more attention on these types of errors. Such an insight into language learning problems is useful to teachers because it provides information on common trouble-spots in language learning which can be used in the preparation of effective teaching materials. Also, by being able to predict errors to a certain extent, teachers can be well-equipped to help students minimize or overcome their learning problems. Bibliography 1) Ancker, W. (2000). Errors and corrective feedback: Updated theory and classroom practice. English Teaching Forum. 38(4), 20-24. 2) European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 8, Number 3 (2009) 3) http://www.marquette.edu/wac/WhatMakesWritingSoImportant.shtml

How Economists Define and Measure Treatment Effects

The term treatment effect  is defined as the average causal effect of a variable on an outcome variable that is of scientific or economic interest. The term first gained traction in the field of medical research where is originated. Since its inception, the term has broadened and has begun to be used more generally as in economic research. Treatment Effects in Economic Research Perhaps one of the most famous examples of treatment effect research in economics is that of a training program or advanced education. At the lowest level, economists have been interested in comparing the earnings or wages of two primary groups: one who participated in the training program and one who did not. An empirical study of treatment effects generally begins with these types of straightforward comparisons. But in practice, such comparisons have the great potential to lead researchers to misleading  conclusions of causal effects, which brings us to the primary problem in treatment effects research. Classic Treatment Effects Problems and Selection Bias In the language of scientific experimentation, a treatment is something done to a person that might have an effect. In the absence of randomized, controlled experiments, discerning the effect of a treatment like a college education or a job training program on income can be clouded by the fact that the person made the choice to be treated. This is known in the scientific research community as selection bias and, it is one of the ​principle  problems in the estimation of treatment effects. The problem of selection bias essentially comes down to the chance that treated individuals may differ from non-treated individuals for reasons other than the treatment itself. As such, the outcomes such treatment would actually a combined result of the persons propensity to choose the treatment and the effects of the treatment itself. Measuring the treatments true effect while screening out the effects of selection bias is the classic treatment effects problem. How Economists Handle Selection Bias In order to measure true treatment effects, economists have certain methods available to them. A standard method is to regress the outcome on other predictors that do not vary with time as well as whether the person took the treatment or not. Using the previous edition treatment example introduced above, an economist may apply a regression of wages not only on years-of-education but also on test scores meant to measure abilities or motivation. The researcher may come to find that both years-of-education and test scores are positively correlated with subsequent wages, so when interpreting the findings the coefficient found on years of education has been partly cleansed of the factors predicting which people would have chosen to have more education. Building upon the use of regressions in treatment effects research, economists may turn to what is known as the potential outcomes framework, which was originally introduced by statisticians. Potential outcomes models use essentially the same methods as switching regression models, but potential outcomes models are not tied to a linear regression framework as are switching regressions.  A more advanced method based upon these modeling techniques is the Heckman two-step.